Age of reforms

Radical reforms aimed at extracting the state from a desperate internal situation, which had its overtones in international relations, began the Sultan Abdulhamid and (1774 – 89). Reorganized the army, whose structures and equipment were recognized, quite rightly, too outdated. He also began to think about the administration reform. Unfortunately, there were many opponents, usually religious conservatives, who, for some time, successfully blocked too boldly, according to them, the moves of the sultan. Ultimately, the supporters of the reforms won. Meanwhile, it broke out in 1787 r. War with Russia (which took Crimea four years earlier) and Austria, which Türkiye has resisted. A revolution broke out in France, which changed the current political order.

The successor of Abdulhamida, Selim III (1789 – 1807), initiated reforms called Nizam-i Cedid(new order). Again, the organization of the army and administration as well as financial matters was taken into account, and there were again opponents, Feudal revolts broke out, whose lands have been affected by new orders. The dissatisfied Janczarzy always joined them. Olives were added to the expansion of Napoleonic France to Egypt and the New War with Russia. Selima II was dropped from the throne, and the cousin of the Sultan was elevated in his place – Mustafa IV, who ruled only a year, but he managed to cancel the reforms ordered. Their supporters began to persecute, and you, who survived, They focused around a certain Mustafa Bayraktara, landowner, and took part in the Celebi Efendi's High Dignitary Celeon. Mustafa was removed, and in his place a younger brother Mahmuda II was appointed (1808 – 39). Appointed a great Vizier.

Bayraktar resumed the reforms started by Selim III, by convening a gathering of the nobles (Something like parliament), which he asked to accept his actions. They were partially accepted, But nothing stopped the Janczars from the overthrow of the Vizier and inhibition, At least for some time, unfortunate reforms. The sultan has retained relative neutrality in this conflict, That's why he saved his head, but he did not give in to pressure and did not cancel all the reforms. First of all, it turned out to be ruthless for the Janczars. Dissolved in 1826 r. I corpus, what was accompanied by bloody events, The sultan was aware of, that they are a brake of planned changes.

Mahmud II took reforms again, He took care of the reorganization of the army, European Europeanization as well as education and public health, as well as agriculture. For example, the names of the offices were changed. And so the great Vizier was from now on the prime minister, and the rug – State council. A number of ministries were also created, and even a government spokesman. The army began to be trained by European instructors, And young people could attend newly created secular high schools (Until now there were only religious ones). Mahmud's successor was his son Abdulmecid, which reigned for 1861 r. He and his advisers were continuators of the actions taken by the previous Sultan and were aware of, that the basics of the empire must be moved, so that it could survive, And so it happened. The sultan was issued by an edict, from which the reform period was called tanzimat-i hayriye, or "beneficial reforms". He guaranteed the basic rights of the individual in it, and the general outline was similar to European standards. The reforms have started in full swing, and their crowning was introduced in 1876 r. constitution. As a result of a political turmoil, which then started, The throne was taken over by Abdulhamid II (1876 – 1909), which was not favorable to the reforms. Their motor was the so -called. young people, A half -conspiracy organization focusing in supporters of radical reforms, liberal democrats. They led to a change of sultan on this, who promised to adopt the constitution. Abdulhamid initially retained all appearances and introduced it immediately after taking the throne. Unfortunately, a year later, in fact, a despotic ruler dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution, and the inspiration for reforms towards parliamentarism, supporter of young people, The premiere of Midhata ordered to murder Pasha. The era of reforms is over, and Türkiye through the next 30 She has not seen parliament for years.