External signs of crisis
Reforms in Turkey were not carried out without external obstacles. First a war broke out with Russia and Austria, mentioned above. Although the Osman did not lose their losses, But warfare and related expenses have significantly weakened the structures of the state. In turn, in 1804 r. The uprising in Serbia liberated this country from the Turkish rule for years 1806 – 12. Exactly 15 years after the conclusion of the truce with Russia (z 1792 r.) A new war broke out. Russia wanted to master the arcade, and also supported Serbian liberation movements. The war lasted to 1812 r. In its initial phase, Türkiye failed, But ultimately the room contained in Bucharest spoke about the withdrawal of Russia from Moldova and Wołoszczyzna (which were occupied in the course of hostilities), and remaining her troops in Besarabia. Russia also maintained prey in the Couple. The worst, however, was just coming. After the independence of Egypt in 1805 r. Syria also began to strive for separation with Turkey. W 1820 r. The uprising broke out there, For now, ineffective. But for that 10 years later, Greece, supported by European powers, gained complete independence. At the same time, the Serbs won a partially independent local government, And the Russians, using riots in Greece and commitment in this field of Turkey, They forced her to sign a treaty in Akerman (1826), who granted Russia sovereignty over the Danube principalities and special commercial privileges in the territory of the Ottoman state.
W 1832 r. Alehad's ALIO Army entered Anatolia, ruler of Egypt, and in the battle of Konya they broke the Turkish army. The concluded truce granted Syria to Muhammad, And he had to withdraw his troops from Turkey. Russia and Austria were the guarantee of peace. W 1839 r. The Osman wanted to regain Syria, but they were beaten and had to accuse this bold, for the then state of Turkey, plan. As a result of the military intervention of European powers, Muhammad Ali had to withdraw from Syria and Palestine and in 1840 r. These territories returned to the Ottoman Empire. Algeria, annexed by France, dropped out of Turkey in these years.
The most important armed conflict of XLX-century Turkey was Crimean war (1853 – 56). There were many pretext to declare war by Russia, One of them was the demand for the sultan to recognize the care of the tsar over the sacred places in Palestine. Abdulmecid rejected these demands, which was supported by England and France, concerned about the influence of Russian capital in the Balkans and the Middle East. Even Austria, existing ally of Russia, She did not want to expand her influence in this part of the world. The war began with the tsarist army to Moldova and Wołoszczyzna, But soon the most important fights were fought in Crimea (in the cooperation of the Army of France and England) and in the east, around Karsu. Russia was winned and the three -year war ended with the signing of the treaty in Paris, which brought some territorial benefits to the Ottoman Empire in the form of granting him a protectorate over Besarabia, But the Danube principalities and Serbia received wide autonomy. The Black Sea has become a demilitarized zone, as well as both straits: Bosphorus I Dardanei (already from 1841 r. were administered by international factors).
The times more dangerous for Turkey came at the end of the years 70. 19th century. Russia, dissatisfied with the Parisian room, wary of the influence of Western countries in Turkey, and also wanting to weaken her rule in the Balkans, she spoke in 1877 r. war. Thus, she supported Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro, who had been fighting with the Osman for a year, or Slavic nations. Even England and France had to make you pleasant, Because Türkiye was bloody with distant relatives of the Russians. Türkiye remained alone, Therefore, after less than a year of military operations, she lost and had to sign in San Stefano (on the sea of Marmara, today yesilkoy) truce. Under it, a new state was created – Bulgaria, a Serbia, Montenegro and Romania gained independence. Türkiye has lost almost all of the Balkans. In addition, the Russians occupied Eastern Anatolia with Kars. These provisions were confirmed by the Congress in Berlin in the same year, except that Türkiye has obtained limited sovereignty over Bulgaria, And Bosnia and Herzegovina were to occupy the Austria-Hungary. Only thymperial in Europe remained in Europe, Macedonia i Albania, of which the last two with a limited local government. France, using the general confusion, She took up in 1881 r. Turkish Tunisia.
Although the discussed period was not very tragic for the Ottoman state (Not counting the system in San Marino and the Berlin Congress), it was signs of weakness that manifested themselves indirectly – through clear interference in the considerable European powers. Without their interference, Türkiye would be even more cut off the territories, And then maybe modern changes would start much earlier. It was not on hand, however, countries from Europe, Because the growing share of their capital in the absorbent Empire determined the policy in this region.