Habsburg dynasty
The Habsburgs initially suffered a few failures (m.in. in disputes with Switzerland), But they tried to strengthen their position all the time. W 1335 r. They annexed Carinthian and Land, and in 1363 r. Tyrol. They also had a chance to master Poland, Because Jadwiga (daughter of Ludwik Węgierski, which is also the king of Poland) As a child, she was engaged to Wilhelm Habsburg. However, the engagement was broken under pressure from the Polish nobility. To raise your status to the rank of archduke, Rudolf IV (It prevailed in the years 1358-1365) He even falsified several documents (including the so -called. the privilege is greater – Privilege larger). He also put the foundation stone to the Vienna Cathedral of St.. Stefan and founded the University of Vienna. These achievements helped him win down the wealthy families in Vienna, whose privileges were limited in the previous century.
W 1453 r. Fryderyk III gained the dignity of the Emperor of the Roman Empire of the German nation (No longer committing forgery). He also convinced Pope Paul II, by ten w 1469 r. took Vienna to the rank of bishopric. Fryderyk III's ambitions had no limits. His motto was Aeiou, which was usually translated as Austria Est Impera Orbi Universo, and several erudites strengthened these claims to Alles Erdreich Ist Sólterreich Unterthan (The whole kingdom is subjected to Austria) Lub Nawet Do Austria will be in the world last (Austria will exist forever).
Since the time of Fryderyk III, the Habsburg policy was based on acquiring new territories through political marriages. This strategy had, unfortunately, Side genetic effects (discreetly induced in official portraits), even in the form of an elongated lower jaw, which became a family feature. W 1477 r. Son of Fryderyk III, Maksymilian, He gained control over Burgundy and the Netherlands through a marriage with Maria Burgundy. Maksymilian's eldest son, Filip, married in 1496 r. Spanish Infant Joanna. Ruler, which finally gained the most, was Filip's son, Karol. From 1516 r. nosił on imię Karola I Hiszpańskiego (Which also meant control over many overseas territories), and in 1519 r. He became Karol V – Emperor of the Roman Empire of the German nation.
The achievements of Karol V were too extensive, so that only one person could effectively rule them. Therefore, in 1521 r. The emperor gave the Austrian territory to his younger brother Ferdynand, who, through a marriage with Anna Jagiellon, also inherited Hungary and the Czech Republic (After her brother, King Louis II, He died in 1526 r. In the battle with the Turks near Mohacz).
Turkish threat
Ferdinand I consumed actions aimed at securing the country against the invasion of the Turks, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Styria was particularly at risk. The Turks captured the Balkans, killing King Louis II during the battle for Hungary, i w 1529 r. They reached Vienna. Ongoing 18 However, the siege of the city collapsed with the arrival of winter. The invaders withdrew, but they did not lose their powerful strength, Therefore, under the pressure of the Turkish threat of Ferdinand and in 1533 r. He moved the manor to Vienna, which raised the city's prestige. He was also the first Habsburg, who lived here permanently.
W 1556 r. Karol V abdicated – Ferdynand was crowned in his place. His son Filip II inherited from Karol., which finally ended the divisions in the Habsburg family. W 1571 r. Maksymilian II granted his subjects freedom of religion, after which the vast majority of Austrians went to Protestantism. W 1576 r. Rudolf II became the emperor, Grandson of Maksymilian and an ardent supporter of the counterreformation, Therefore, a large part of the country -no forced – She returned to Catholicism. The conflict against the background of religious intolerance became the cause of the explosion in 1618 r. Thirty years, which devastated all of Central Europe. W 1645 r. The Protestant Swedish army was close to the conquest of Vienna, But ultimately she gave up interference. Peace, called the Westphalian Treaty, It was ultimately contained in 1648 r. Under it, Austria lost some lands to France.
Until the end of the century, the country was busy with stopping Turkish aggression in Europe. W 1683 r. exhausted by numerous plague of Vienna, he was again besieged by the Turks (tooth. Turks and Vienna frame). Viennese were already close to the surrender, But Polish troops came under the leadership of Jan III Sobieski, supported by German forces. The combined army gradually pushed the Turks to the south-east end of Europe. The removal of the Turkish threat reflected in the wealth of baroque construction in many cities. During the musical reign of Emperor Leopold and Vienna, he became a magnet attracting excellent performers and composers.